## [ (p,d) 3NF ] Installation of Polarization meter

i will join an “measurement of d-p elastic scattering at 300 MeV/nucleon” experiment.

this experiment is going to study the 3-nuclear force, which is the force connects 3 body at same time. since the nuclear force is polarization dependence, or spin dependence, we have to measure the polarization of the beam.

the way to do is measuring the asymmetry of scattering, by spin-orbital coupling. for a spin up particle incident on left, the spin-orbital coupling strength is different from the incident on the right. thus, we will install a plastic scintillator on both side, left and right, up and down, to determine the polarization.

the scintillator was installed at particular angle such that the different is biggest. ( i don’t know how to calculate this angle ) the optimal angle for proton and deuteron are different, so, we use 8 detector in total.

after installation, we put a Co-60 gamma ray source in front of it, and connect the photomultipler tube (PMT) with about 1000V to 2000V, depend on the sensitivity of each PMT. The signal was displayed on CRO, and it shoen a typical signal pattern. although the gamma ray energy is fixed, the detection process in the plastic scintillator is via Compton scattering of electron, that make fluctuation of the signal. Thus, we take count average of about 60 to 100 counts. the typical signal depth is 200mV and fall time is 3uS, raise time is 5 to 7 uS.

footnote:

Co-60 has 1 gamma ray decay of 0.058MeV, then it goes 2 channels beta decay of 0.31MeV with 99.88% and 1.48MeV with 0.12% to Ni-60, the excited Ni-60 will emit 2 gamma ray, of 1.17MeV and 1.33MeV.

## Parity

It is Pa-ri-ty, not Par-ty.

( it needs to clean up)

Parity is just a reflection on every space dimension.

$\begin {pmatrix} x \\ y \\ z \end {pmatrix} \rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} - x \\ - y \\-z \end {pmatrix}$

## General

This is just a mirror reflection, although mirror reflection only reflects on 1 dimension, the dimension that perpendicular to the mirror surface.

May be we start on 2-D space instead of 3-D, draw a F and flips it upside down, and left-side right. then, you have a F just rotated 180 degree, not a reflection. however, in 3-D, then there is something different.

The parity transform is taking everything reverted. For example, when you stand up, your arms place horizontal and you left arm points forward and your right arm points right. After a parity transform. You right arm point left. Your left arm point backward, and you are standing on the ceiling, upside down. The result is a mirror image of your self. If we rotate the reverted-self from the ceiling to the ground.

Thus, parity also related as mirror reflection. In physics, we like to call the right-hand system (RHS) or left-hand system (LHS).

A simple RHS and LHS are on your hands! Although our left hand and right hand has some minor different, in general, they are the mirror image of each other. And the great interesting thing is, your left hand cannot overlap the right hand. They are equal but not the same.

Another thing is spring, when a wire is rolled clockwise and going upward, it form a left-hand spring and vice aver. Thus 2 springs are not the same.

For those which keep function as before parity transform, we called it parity positive, for those who are not, we called it parity negative.

Be reminded that the chiral material that interact circularly polarized light different still the parity positive. For example, a material which only let right hand light passes through, but not let the left hand pass. After parity transform, it lets left hand light pass through but not right hand .Thus, the left hand and right hand are work equally well!

We also cannot say our left hand is more weak then our right hand, then we called it parity negative. It is because, if we reflected ourself, our left hand is as good and right hand and the right hand is as weak as left hand.

A more physical example is the polarization of light, there are lefthand rotating light and right hand rotating light, called circular polarization. And material which interact differenty with different circular polarization are called chiral material. We should stop talking about examples in here. Because in nature, there are so many things has chiral property. Never the less, potenient and drug also has chirality. One book I recommend on general science for the chirality is “right-hand, left-hand” by chris McManus.

## Physics

Physics encounters parity is because we believe if the whole world is reverted, every thing just work fine and the same. For example, if our orgasms are all reflected, left goes to right, right go to left. We still alive. In fact, there are some real cases, that some peole do have reverted orgasm. Because there should be symmetric in the world.

In normal day, parity positive never break. It is seem impossible to break. How coome some thing work differently under parity transform?

For position, linear momentum, parity just make them change

However, in mathematics, there are many parity negative things. One example is the spherical harmonic. It is can be parity positive and negative depends on the parameter.

Lets take a imaginary example in parity negative. If we use photon to hit a target, all photons are going left. Now, we reflet the whole system. But now, the photons are still going left.

The first discovery of parity negative is on beta- decay from Co-60. Whe. Applied an external magnetic field from down to up, the beta particle come out at left. When we change the magnetic field, now is from up to down, the beta particle should come out at right, if parity is positive. But it is not, it still keep coming out left!

The reason of it is beyond my understanding… Sorry.